Battle plans are clearly drawn, regiments are in line, and exposed flanks are swiftly assaulted ! The social historian interested in medicine and public health, on the other hand, may also find something of interest here.
Although his primary interest is with medical services, Cunningham rarely strays far from the concerns of military history. Civil War buffs should not be frightened away by the title of the book. The "ordeal " at Manassas, then, is seen as the arena for the reform of field medical services. Certain crucial modifications were being advanced, however, especially in the Union Army and these were enlarged upon in later battles. When the two sides squared off again in August, 1862, there were few basic changes in evidence. The Confederate leaders also confronted the problem, but less intensively.
In the months following First Manassas, the Union Army made a conscious, if somewhat futile, effort to systematize the facilities and improve the personnel of its ambulance corps. They had "no genuine ambulance service" and in many cases, the wounded relied largely on self-care.
Yet Cunningham 's description of the medical services in the Confederate ranks points out that they were no better. If field medical care was in fact a variable in the balance of the battle, the rout of the Federals at First Manassas is clearly understandable. Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Gabon Republic, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greenland, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Vietnam, Virgin Islands (U.S.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Ģ80CIVIL WAR HISTORY tablished were inadequately supplied and poorly coordinated.
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